Selective and competitive nociceptin receptor antagonist, devoid of any agonist activity. Binds selectively to recombinant nociceptin receptors (pKi = 8.4), and competitively antagonizes the actions of nociceptin in vitro and in vivo.
ACTH (1-13) is a 13-amino acid peptide that exhibits cytoprotective effects in a rat model of ethanol-induced gastric lesions. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), also known as corticotropin, is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Potent agonist of the nociceptin (ORL1) receptor, demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Selective, competitive antagonism at the nociceptin receptor has also been reported (pA2 = 7.02 and 6.75 in the guinea pig ileum and mouse vas deferens respectively)
This peptide is a fragment of the alpha-chain of insulin amino acids 1 to 13. The insulin a-chain epitope recognized by human T cells is posttranslationally modified.
Porcine dynorphin A (1-13) is a potent, endogenous κ-opioid receptor agonist that exhibits antinociceptive effects at physiological concentrations. Exposure to dynorphin A (1-13) causes acute increases in [Ca2+]i in individual neurons, similar to increases observed with acute exposure to other agents.
Potent apelin receptor antagonist (Ki = 82 nM; IC50 = 93 nM). Antagonizes the inhibitory affect of [Pyr1]-Apelin-13 on forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation in CHO-K1-APJ cells. Recuces tumor expansion and lengthens survival time in a mouse xenograft model