Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by pancreatic α-cells. Glucagon reduces the activity of HNF-4. Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis. Glucagon enhances HNF4α phosphorylation.
Galanin (2-11) amide is a synthetic peptide fragment of the neuropeptide galanin and an agonist of the galanin-2 (GAL2) receptor (EC50= 9.32 nM in a fluorescence imaging plate reader assay).1It selectively binds to the GAL2receptor (IC50= 1.76 nM for the rat receptor) over the GAL1receptor (IC50= 879 nM for the human receptor) but does also bind to the GAL3receptor (Ki= 271 nM for the rat receptor).1,2Intracerebroventricular administration of galanin (2-11) amide (1 nmol/animal) decreases immobility in the forced swim test in rats.3It also reduces the hind paw mechanical pain threshold and increases the hind paw cold sensitivity threshold in rats.1
Endogenous APJ receptor agonist (EC50 = 20 nM) that is secreted by adipocytes. Binds with high affinity to human APJ receptors expressed in HEK 293 cells (pIC50= 8.61). Involved in regulation of cardiovascular function, fluid homeostasis and feeding. Bloc
VIP(6-28)(human, rat, porcine, bovine) is a potent antagonist that effectively counteracts the effects of exogenous vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling.