1-(3',5'-dimethoxy)phenyl-2-[4''-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (6→1)-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl]phenylethane showed cytotoxic activities to Hela and hep2 cell lines.
C6 L-erythro Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid and cell-permeable analog of naturally occurring ceramides. It is metabolized by ceramide glucosyltransferase to form C6 L-erythro glucosylceramide. C6 L-erythro Ceramide is cytotoxic to U937 cells (IC50 = 18 μM).
Nε-(1-Carboxymethyl)-L-lysine (CML), an advanced glycation end product (AGE), is formed through the oxidative modification of glycated proteins under conditions of oxidative stress.1,2,3 Its levels escalate with age, diabetes, cancer, vascular diseases, and various pathologies associated with oxidative stress.1,4,5 CML interacts with the membrane-bound receptor for AGEs (RAGE), initiating signaling via MAPKs and NF-κB pathways. Conversely, a truncated version of RAGE generates a soluble protein that sequesters CML, thereby diminishing this signaling.6,7
C6 L-threo Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid and cell-permeable analog of naturally occurring ceramides., C6 L-threo Ceramide is cytotoxic to U937 cells in vitro (IC50 = 18 μM). It is metabolically inactive and, unlike C6 L-erythro ceramide , C6 L-threo ceramide cannot be converted to C6 glucosylceramide by ceramide glucosyltransferase. C6 L-threo Ceramide enhances IL-4 production induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in EL4 T cells when used at a concentration of 10 μM.
C2 L-threo Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid and cell-permeable analog of naturally occurring ceramides. It stimulates cholesterol efflux in CHO cells expressing the human ABCA1 receptor when used at a concentration of 10 μM, however, this efflux is 50% less than that stimulated by C2 ceramide . C2 L-threo Ceramide inhibits IL-4 production by 17% in EL4 T cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate when used at a concentration of 10 μM. It also induces cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase and a 7-fold increase in sphingosine accumulation as well as inhibits growth of HL-60 leukemia cells.
S-1-Propenyl-L-cysteine, a stereoisomer of S-allyl-l-cysteine, exhibits immunomodulatory effects and has been shown to decrease blood pressure in hypertensive animal models.
Nε-(1-Carboxyethyl)-L-lysine (CEL), a known advanced glycation end product (AGE), forms through the interaction of methyl glyoxal and lysine residues within proteins. Unlike its free form, protein-bound CEL can attach to the receptor for AGEs (RAGE). Its concentrations are notably higher in the lenses of diabetic cataract patients and are reduced in rat heart mitochondria following sustained caloric restriction. Furthermore, at 1 mM, CEL impedes glutamate uptake and the release of S100B in rat hippocampal slices, an effect that occurs independently of RAGE.