neurotoxic

Butylhydroxyanisole (BHA) 是一种抗氧化剂，能介导肝毒性、生殖器官发育和学习迟缓以及睡眠不足，用作食品防腐剂。它也是一种铁死亡诱导剂，能导致大脑和神经发育中断，具有神经毒性。

Prilocaine (NSC-40027) 是一种氨基酰胺类局部麻醉剂，作用于神经元膜上的钠通道并限制癫痫发作的扩散。它是Na K-ATPase 抑制剂，具有神经毒性作用。

Polymyxin B Sulfate (Poly-RX) 是一个阳离子型表面活性剂抗生素剂，能够提高细胞膜的渗透性。

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium (Disodium (R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate) 是神经代谢疾病 D-2-羟基戊二酸尿症中积累的主要代谢产物，可增加活性氧的产生。它是 α-酮戊二酸 (α-KG) 的弱竞争拮抗剂，可抑制多种α-KG 依赖性双加氧酶，Ki 为 10.87 mM。

Deltamethrin (RU 22974) 是一种具有神经毒性的拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂，在大鼠中能够产生一系列可逆的运动症状(如包括后肢僵硬、舞蹈性关节炎)。

Azamethiphos 是有机磷杀虫剂和神经毒性物质，能够抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性。

Glufosinate ammonium 是谷氨酸的一种膦酸类似物，是一种除草剂，在植物细胞中转化为 PT (L-phosphinothricin) 。Glufosinate ammonium 显示出神经毒性作用。

Prilocaine hydrochloride (Prilocaine HCl) 是一种氨基酰胺类局部麻醉剂，作用于神经元膜上的钠通道并限制癫痫发作的扩散。它是Na K-ATPase 抑制剂，具有神经毒性作用。

MAP4343 是孕烯醇酮的 3-甲基醚衍生物。它在体外与微管相关蛋白 2 (MAP2) 结合并刺激微管蛋白聚合，从而增强神经突延伸和保护神经元免受神经毒剂的侵害。

DSP-4 hydrochloride (Neurotoxin DSP 4 (hydrochloride)) 是一种高选择性的神经毒素，主要是来自蓝斑 (LC) 的神经元，容易通过血脑屏障。它对成年和发育中大鼠去甲肾上腺素能神经元具有神经毒性作用，可用于中枢和外周去甲肾上腺素能神经元的暂时选择性降解。

Macrozamin 是苏铁的一种主要成分，表现出致癌，致畸，诱变和神经毒性作用。

Macranthoside A (Kalopanaxsaponin H) 是一种从地黄中提取的三萜糖苷，属于环烯醚萜类化合。Macranthoside A 具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗菌和神经保护活性，抑制促炎细胞因子的产生和抑制炎症信号通路的激活，有助于中和有害的自由基，保护细胞免受氧化损伤，可以促进神经元的存活和生长，并防止氧化应激或神经毒性化合物引起的神经元细胞死亡，具有治疗神经退行性疾病、心血管疾病和肝损伤的潜力。

Dencichine (ODAP) 是抑制从三七中分到的非蛋白氨基酸，可抑制 HIF-prolyl hydroxylase-2 的活性。

β-Amyloid (25-35) (Aβ25-35) 是一种阿尔茨海默氏淀粉样蛋白β肽的Aβ(25-35) 片段，在培养细胞中显示出神经毒性作用。

MPP+ iodide 是一种神经毒素 MPTP 的有毒代谢物，也是一种 5-羟色胺转运体 (SERT) 的高亲和力底物。MPP+ iodide 对多巴胺能神经元有毒，可以在动物模型中导致帕金森症。

L-Homocysteine thiolactone hydrochloride 具有神经毒性，可诱导癫痫和阿尔茨海默病的发生。

Cyclopiazonic acid 是一种神经毒性次级代谢产物 (SM)，源于A. flavus，是一种纳摩尔内质网钙 ATP 酶抑制剂 (Ca2+ATPase; SERCA)，是植物细胞死亡的有效诱导剂。

Buntanetap（L-酒石酸盐）是一种口服的小分子抑制剂，能够抑制多种神经毒性蛋白，并通过阻断 mRNA 翻译减少淀粉样前体蛋白 (APP) 的产生。

Bupivacaine is a BK/SK, Kv1, Kv3, TASK-2 K Channel and voltage-gated Na channel blocker used as an anesthetic. It maybe neurotoxic at high does, inducing apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. It acts by binding to the intracellular portion of voltage-gated sodium channels and blocking sodium influx into nerve cells.

Prilocaine acetate 是一种氨基酰胺。Prilocaine acetate 是一种Na/K-ATPase 抑制剂。Prilocaine acetate 具有神经毒性作用。

17β-HSD10-IN-2（compound 11）是一款基于苯并噻唑脲结构的17β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶10型（17β-HSD10）抑制剂，后者为一种具有多功能性的线粒体酶。该抑制剂未触发线粒体脱靶现象，且不具备细胞毒性或神经毒性。17β-HSD10-IN-2可用于研究阿尔茨海默病（AD）和激素依赖型癌症。

Levadopa Related Compound A is the 6-hydroxy derivative of the amino acid L-DOPA with neurotoxic properties. Exogenously administered 6-Hydroxy-L-DOPA is biotransformed by an amino acid decarboxylase to the highly potent and catecholamine-selective neurot

Amyloid-β (1-42) (Aβ42) is a neurotoxic 42-amino acid protein fragment found in amyloid plaques in postmortem cerebral cortex from patients with Alzheimer's disease.1,2,3Aggregation of Aβ42 results in the formation of neurotoxic fibrils or globular oligomers.1Aβ42 accumulates in the brain of many transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and, in many models, the onset of amyloid deposition positively correlates with deficits in spatial learning and memory.4 1.Wolfe, M.S.Therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's diseaseNat. Rev. Drug Discov.1(11)859-866(2002) 2.Iwatsubo, T., Odaka, A., Suzuki, N., et al.Visualization of Aβ42(43) and Aβ40 in senile plaques with end-specific Aβ monoclonals: Evidence that an initially deposited species is Aβ42(43)Neuron13(1)45-53(1994) 3.Hardy, J.A., and Higgins, G.A.Alzheimer's disease: The amyloid cascade hypothesisScience256(5054)184-185(1992) 4.Jankowsky, J.L., and Zheng, H.Practical considerations for choosing a mouse model of Alzheimer's diseaseMol. Neurodegener.12(1)89(2017)

Dendroaspis Viridis Venom (Western Green Mamba Venom) 是从 Dendroaspis Viridis (绿曼巴蛇) 提取的蛇毒，其中含有多种毒蕈碱毒素亚型，这些亚型靶向不同的毒蕈碱受体 (mAChR)。该毒液是一种由小分子和多肽/蛋白质组成的复杂混合物，显示出神经毒性、细胞毒性、心脏毒性、肌肉毒性以及多种酶活性。进一步研究表明，这些毒素具有抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗凝和镇痛的潜在活性。

Bitis Armata Venom (Southern Adder Venom) 是一种蛇毒毒液，能够从南方蝰蛇中获得。Bitis Armata Venom 通过与 nAChR 拟位素结合表现出神经毒性活性。

Aflatrem is a tremorgenic mycotoxin with acute neurotoxic effects, a single low dose of aflatrem is able to induce degeneration of neuronal processes in hippocampal neurotransmitter systems. Aflatrem potentiates the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced

Jingzhaotoxin-34是一种含35个氨基酸残基的多肽神经毒素，能特异性抑制TTX-S钠电流（IC50约85 nM），对大鼠背根神经节TTX-R钠电流无显著作用。

Ibotenic acid hydrate is a neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to Kainic acid and Muscimol) found in Amanita mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.

Glufosinate, a phosphinic acid analog of glutamic acid, is a herbicide that is converted by plant cells into PT (L-phosphinothricin). It has neurotoxic activity.

Prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2) 是前列腺素 D2 (PGD2) 的一种内源性代谢物，是一种有效的 PGD2 受体 (DP) 激动剂，对 hDP 和 hCRTH2 的 Ki 分别为 0.9 nM 和 6.6 nM。Prostaglandin J2 刺激细胞内环 AMP 的产生，EC50值为 1.2 nM。Prostaglandin J2 诱导氧化应激和神经细胞凋亡。Prostaglandin J2 诱导泛素化 (Ub) 蛋白的积累/聚集。Prostaglandin J2 具有高度神经毒性，可导致许多神经退行性疾病，包括阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 和帕金森病 (PD)。

1-Deoxysphingosine (m18:1(4E)) is an atypical sphingolipid that contains a double bond at the 4E native position and is formed when serine palmitoyltransferase condenses palmitoyl-CoA with alanine instead of serine during sphingolipid synthesis.1,2 Plasma levels of 1-deoxysphingosine (m18:1(4E)) are increased in patients with chronic idiopathic axonal neuropathy (CIAP) and diabetic distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSPN).3 |1. Steiner, R., Saied, E.M., Othman, A., et al. Elucidating the chemical structure of native 1-deoxysphingosine. J. Lipid Res. 57(7), 1194-1203 (2016).|2. Alecu, I., Othman, A., Penno, A., et al. Cytotoxic 1-deoxysphingolipids are metabolized by a cytochrome P450-dependent pathway. J. Lipid Res. 58(1), 60-71 (2017).|3. Hube, L., Dohrn, M.F., Karsai, G., et al. Metabolic syndrome, neurotoxic 1-deoxysphingolipids and nervous tissue inflammation in chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy (CIAP). PLoS One 12(1):e0170583, (2017).

Homotaurine-d6 是 Homotaurine 的氘代化合物。Homotaurine 的 CAS 号为 3687-18-1。Homotaurine 是一种具有口服活性的、可透过血脑屏障的天然氨基酸，存在于各种红色海藻中，能够可溶性 Aβ 结合并以非原纤维形式维持 Aβ。它是一种 GABA 类似物，具有神经保护，抗惊厥和抗高血压的活性。

Trichodesmine, a dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloid, exhibits hepatotoxic, pneumotoxic, and neurotoxic effects in vivo.

β Amyloid(28-35) human 是一种具有神经毒性的β-淀粉样肽，能够与神经元膜结合，影响其二级结构并加剧阿尔茨海默病的神经毒性。该肽段对酸性磷脂DPH表现出非均向性作用，从而增加脂质膜双层内部的流动性。该核心片段由脂质诱导形成。

αC-Conotoxin PrXA为麻痹肽类神经毒素，亦是竞争性nAChR拮抗剂，对α1β1εδ（成人型）和α1β1γδ（胎儿型）nAChR的IC50值分别为1.8 nM和3.0 nM。该化合物通过与α-bungarotoxin竞争nAChR的α δ及α γ亚基界面，展现出对神经肌肉型nAChR的高度特异性。

β-Amyloid (17-40) (Aβ(17-40)) 是一种Amyloid-β多肽的片段，在SH-SY5Y和IMR-32细胞中展现了其神经毒性活性。此化合物适用于神经系统疾病相关研究。

L-Homocysteic acid (L-HCA) 是一种内源性兴奋性氨基酸，可作为NMDA 受体激动剂 (EC50: 14 μM)。L-Homocysteic acid 具有神经毒性，可用于神经系统疾病的研究。

Givosiran (ALN-AS1) is a small interfering RNA (siRNA) compound that specifically targets hepatic aminolevulinate synthase 1 (ALAS1) messenger RNA (mRNA) to downregulate its expression. By doing so, Givosiran effectively inhibits the accumulation of neurotoxic δ-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen levels. This compound holds significant potential for further research on acute intermittent porphyria.

Dencichine is a haemostatic agent present , it is also a reported neurotoxic agent found in Lathyrus sativus (grass pea seed).

Highly neurotoxic cell-permeable analog of PHF6. Induces aggregation of Tau peptides.

Anatoxin-a (ATX-a), a neurotoxic alkaloid, functions as an agonist for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and as an inhibitor of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) [1] [2].

DU-14 是一种有效的steroid sulfatase抑制剂，IC50为55.8 nM。DU-14 抑制MCF-7细胞增殖 (IC50 = 38.7 nM)。DU-14 对神经毒性Aβ具有神经保护作用，表明DU-14上调内源性DHEAS可能有助于减轻Aβ诱导的空间记忆和突触可塑性损伤。

Brevetoxin B is a polyketide neurotoxin produced by Karenia species and other dinoflagellates. It binds to site 5 on the alpha subunit of voltage-gated sodium channels (IC50 = 15 nM) on neurons at the neuromuscular junction, causing the channel to open irreversibly at potentials more negative than normal, discharging action potentials repetitively. Brevetoxin B is ichthyotoxic at nanomolar concentrations and is responsible for an illness described as neurotoxic shellfish poisoning.

TAMRA-Amyloid-β (1-42) peptide is a fluorescently labeled peptide. Amyloid-β (1-42) (Aβ42) is a neurotoxic 42-residue protein fragment found in amyloid plaques in postmortem cerebral cortex from patients with Alzheimer's disease. Aggregation of Aβ42 results in the formation of neurotoxic fibrils or globular oligomers. TAMRA-Amyloid-β (1-42) peptide is a labeled form of Aβ42 containing carboxytetramethyl rhodamine (TAMRA), which displays excitation/emission maxima of 543/572 nm, respectively.

Aa1 toxin 是从 Androctonus australis Garzoni 毒液中提取的神经毒性肽，特异性阻断钾通道（potassium channel）。它在神经系统疾病研究中有应用。

Tramiprosate (Alzhemed) 是一种具有口服活性的、可透过血脑屏障的天然氨基酸，存在于各种红色海藻中，能够可溶性 Aβ 结合并以非原纤维形式维持 Aβ。它是一种 GABA 类似物，具有神经保护，抗惊厥和抗高血压的活性。