tca 4

Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) is a growth factor that belongs to the FGF family. FGF family proteins play a central role during prenatal development and postnatal growth and regeneration of mamy tissues, by promoting cellular proliferation and differentiation. FGF21 is a potent activator of glucose uptake on adipocytes, protects animal from diet-induced obesity when overexpression in transgenic mice, and lower blood glucose and triglyceride levels when therapeutically adiministered to diabetic redents. FGF21 is produced by hepatocytes in reponse to free fatty acid stimulation of a PPARa RXR dimeric complex. This situation occurs clinically during starvation, or following the ingestionof a highly-fat low-carbohydrate diet. Upon FGF21 secretion, white adipose tissue is induced to release free fatty acids from triglyceride stores. Once free fatty acid reach hepatocytes, they are oxidized and reduced to acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA is recombined into 4-carbon ketone bodies, release, and transported to peripheral tissue for TCA processing and energy generation.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) is a mitochondrial protein that regulates the TCA cycle.PDK4, a vital mitochondrial protein, controls the switch between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation based upon nutrient availability.Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) mRNA has been reported as an up-regulated gene in the heart and skeletal muscle of carnitine-deficient juvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) mice under fed conditions. PDK4 plays an important role in the inhibition of glucose oxidation via the phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC).PDK4 gene expression is stimulated by thyroid hormone (T(3)), glucocorticoids, and long chain fatty acids.

CCL21 Protein, Human, Recombinant is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells. The predicted molecular weight is 12.3 kDa and the accession number is O00585.