cascade

L524-0366 ([1-(3-chlorophenyl)triazol-4-yl]-thiomorpholino-methanone) 是一种 TWEAK-Fn14 信号级联抑制剂。

Diclofenac Potassium (CGP-45840B) 是一种非甾体抗炎药，用于减轻炎症并在某些情况下作为镇痛剂减轻疼痛。它通过活化 caspase 级联反应来诱导神经干细胞凋亡。它是一种COX 抑制剂，在 CHO 细胞中，对人 COX-1 和 COX-2 的IC50值分别为 4 和 1.3 nM。它对绵羊 COX-1 和 COX-2 的IC50值分别为 5.1 μM 和0.84 μM。

Diclofenac (Diclofenacum) 是一种具有抗炎活性的非甾体苯乙酸衍生物，是 COX 抑制剂，在 CHO 细胞中，对人 COX-1 和 COX-2 的 IC50值分别为 4 和 1.3 nM。它对绵羊 COX-1 和 COX-2 的 IC50值分别为 5.1 μM，0.84 μM。它通过活化 caspase 级联反应来诱导神经干细胞凋亡。

Diclofenac sodium (GP 45840) 是一种非选择性抗炎剂，是 COX 抑制剂，在 CHO 细胞中，对人 COX-1 和 COX-2 的 IC50值分别为 4 和 1.3 nM。它对绵羊 COX-1 和 COX-2 的 IC50值分别为 5.1 μM，0.84 μM。它通过活化 caspase 级联反应来诱导神经干细胞凋亡。

Diclofenac diethylamine 是非选择性抗炎剂，通过活化 caspase 级联反应来诱导神经干细胞凋亡。它是一种COX 抑制剂，在 CHO 细胞中，对人COX-1和COX-2的IC50值分别为 4 和 1.3 nM。它对绵羊COX-1和COX-2的IC50值分别为 5.1 μM 和0.84 μM。

Jasmonic acid (JA) 是一种植物激素，也是植物生长调节剂，参与植物迫防御和生长发育。Jasmonic acid 在信号传导过程中起着很重要的作用，诱导 MAP 激酶级联通路和钙通道发挥作用。

SF5 是一种通过 JNK-p53-caspase 凋亡级联的凋亡通路抑制剂。

Melagatran 是一种直接作用且可口服的凝血酶抑制剂。Melagatran 专一性抑制凝血酶，但不影响凝血级联中的其他酶或纤溶酶。Melagatran不依赖内源性辅因子发挥其抗凝血酶效果，可缓解内毒素血症的有害影响。因此，Melagatran作为预防动脉闭塞的策略显示出前景。

SKF-96365 hydrochloride (SKF96365) 是store-operated Ca2+entry 抑制剂，也是TRP channel 阻滞剂。它显著抑制豚鼠离体心脏 hERG、hKCNQ1 hKCNE1、hKir2.1 和 hKv4.3 电流，延长QTc 间期。它通过诱导结直肠癌细胞的细胞周期阻滞和凋亡起抗肿瘤作用。

Desmethylanethol trithione (ADT-OH) 是合成硫化氢的供体。它利用上调 FADD 诱导细胞凋亡，并对体内黑色素瘤的形成具有一定的抑制作用，可用于研究癌症疾病。

SKI-178 是一种鞘氨醇激酶-1(SphK1)和 SphK2抑制剂，以 CDK1 依赖性方式诱导人急性髓性白血病细胞凋亡。

3,6-Dihydroxyflavone 是一种抗癌剂。它能够提高细胞内氧化应激和脂质过氧化。它是能够根据剂量和时间依赖性地降低细胞活力，并活化半胱天冬酶级联、切割聚 (ADP-核糖) 聚合酶 (PARP) 诱导细胞凋亡。

Tafamidis meglumine (Fx-1006A) 是transthyretin (TTR)的选择性稳定剂，对野生型 WT-TTR 和突变型同源四聚体 V30M-TTR，V122I-TTR 的活性相当，EC50值为 2.7-3.2 μM。它能够阻碍淀粉样蛋白的生成。

CBR-470-1 是一种有效的糖酵解磷酸甘油酸激酶1 (PGK1) 抑制剂，通过增加甲基乙二醛的水平来激活 NRF2。 CBR-470-1 是一种非共价的 Nrf2 激活剂，具有神经保护活性，通过激活 Keap1-Nrf2 级联反应来保护 SH-SY5Y 神经元细胞免受 MPP+ 诱导的细胞毒性。

Subasumstat (TAK-981) 是SUMOylation 酶联反应的选择性抑制剂，具有潜在的免疫激活和抗肿瘤特性。

Angstrom6 (A-6 peptide) 是一种从单链尿激酶纤溶酶原激活剂(scuPA)中提取的 8 肽，它能干扰 uPA uPAR 级联反应并抑制下游效应。Angstrom6 具有抗肿瘤活性，能通过与 CD44 结合并调节 CD44 介导的细胞信号传导，抑制肿瘤细胞的迁移、侵袭和转移。

Pimecrolimus (SDZ-ASM 981) 是一种免疫亲和素配体，能与胞质受体特异性的结合。

Methylnissolin 是从黄芪中分离的一种天然产物，可抑制血小板衍生生长因子 (PDGF)-BB 诱导的细胞增殖，IC50为 10 μM。。它通过抑制ERK1 2MAP 激酶级联反应抑制 PDGF-BB 诱导的血管平滑肌细胞增殖。它还抑制 PDGF-BB 诱导的细胞外信号调节激酶 1 2 (ERIC1 2) 丝裂原活化蛋白 (MAP) 激酶的磷酸化，具有抗菌和抗癌作用。

Tenacissoside H (Tenacissimoside C) 是一种分离自通关藤中的天然产物，具有抗肿瘤作用。

Nardosinone 是一个 dbcAMP 和 staurosporine 的神经生成作用增强剂，分离自Nardostachys chinensis 中。Nardosinone 可能成为一种有用的药理学工具，不仅可用于研究神经生长因子 (NGF) 的作用机理，而且可用于研究神经毒性物质的作用机理。

Sanggenol L 是一种来自是桑树根皮的化合物，抑制细胞生长，通过激活半胱天冬酶级联反应和细胞凋亡诱导因子促进黑色素瘤皮肤癌细胞的凋亡细胞死亡。 Sanggenol L 具有抗癌活性和抗增殖作用，可用于研究前列腺癌。

Monensin is an antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It has an inhibitory effect on the Wnt β-catenin signaling cascade. Monensin is a prospective anticancer drug for the therapy of neoplasia with deregulated Wnt signaling.

PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3 (PIP3) serves as an anchor for the binding of signal transduction proteins bearing pleckstrin homology (PH) domains such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) or PTEN. Protein binding to PIP3 is important for cytoskeletal rearrangement and membrane trafficking and initiates an intricate signaling cascade that has been implicated in cancer. 3,5-dimethyl PIT-1 is a dimethyl analog of PIT-1, the selective inhibitor of PIP3/Akt PH domain binding, that is designed for more favorable solubility in vivo. 3,5-dimethyl PIT-1 inhibits PI3K/Akt signaling (IC50 = 27 μM), suppressing PI3K-PDK1-Akt-dependent phosphorylation, which has been shown to reduce cell viability and induce apoptosis in PTEN-deficient U87MG glioblastoma cells (IC50 = 36 μM). 4T1 breast cancer growth is significantly attenuated in BALB/c mice with a dose of 1 mg/kg of 3,5-dimethyl PIT-1 per day.

Nemorosone is a polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol (PPAP) originally isolated from C. rosea that has antiproliferative properties.1 Nemorosone inhibits growth of NB69, Kelly, SK-N-AS, and LAN-1 neuroblastoma cells (IC50s = 3.1-6.3 μM), including several drug-resistant clones, but not MRC-5 human embryonic fibroblasts (IC50 = >40 μM).2 It increases DNA fragmentation in LAN-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and decreases N-Myc protein levels and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 by MEK1/2. Nemorosone also inhibits growth of Capan-1, AsPC-1, and MIA-PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells (IC50s = 4.5-5.0 μM following a 72-hour treatment) but not human dermal and foreskin fibroblasts (IC50s = >35 μM).1 It induces apoptosis, abolishes the mitochondrial membrane potential, and increases cytosolic calcium concentration in pancreatic cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Nemorosone activates the caspase cascade in a dose-dependent manner and inhibits cell cycle progression, increasing the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase, in both neuroblastoma and pancreatic cancer cells.1,2 Nemorosone (50 mg/kg, i.p., per day) also reduces tumor growth in an MIA-PaCa-2 mouse xenograft model.3References1. Holtrup, F., Bauer, A., Fellenberg, K., et al. Microarray analysis of nemorosone-induced cytotoxic effects on pancreatic cancer cells reveals activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Br. J. Pharmacol. 162(5), 1045-1059 (2011).2. Díaz-Carballo, D., Malak, S., Bardenheuer, W., et al. Cytotoxic activity of nemorosone in neuroblastoma cells. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 12(6B), 2598-2608 (2008).3. Wold, R.J., Hilger, R.A., Hoheisel, J.D., et al. In vivo activity and pharmacokinetics of nemorosone on pancreatic cancer xenografts. PLoS One 8(9), e74555 (2013). Nemorosone is a polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol (PPAP) originally isolated from C. rosea that has antiproliferative properties.1 Nemorosone inhibits growth of NB69, Kelly, SK-N-AS, and LAN-1 neuroblastoma cells (IC50s = 3.1-6.3 μM), including several drug-resistant clones, but not MRC-5 human embryonic fibroblasts (IC50 = >40 μM).2 It increases DNA fragmentation in LAN-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and decreases N-Myc protein levels and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 by MEK1/2. Nemorosone also inhibits growth of Capan-1, AsPC-1, and MIA-PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells (IC50s = 4.5-5.0 μM following a 72-hour treatment) but not human dermal and foreskin fibroblasts (IC50s = >35 μM).1 It induces apoptosis, abolishes the mitochondrial membrane potential, and increases cytosolic calcium concentration in pancreatic cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Nemorosone activates the caspase cascade in a dose-dependent manner and inhibits cell cycle progression, increasing the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase, in both neuroblastoma and pancreatic cancer cells.1,2 Nemorosone (50 mg/kg, i.p., per day) also reduces tumor growth in an MIA-PaCa-2 mouse xenograft model.3 References1. Holtrup, F., Bauer, A., Fellenberg, K., et al. Microarray analysis of nemorosone-induced cytotoxic effects on pancreatic cancer cells reveals activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Br. J. Pharmacol. 162(5), 1045-1059 (2011).2. Díaz-Carballo, D., Malak, S., Bardenheuer, W., et al. Cytotoxic activity of nemorosone in neuroblastoma cells. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 12(6B), 2598-2608 (2008).3. Wold, R.J., Hilger, R.A., Hoheisel, J.D., et al. In vivo activity and pharmacokinetics of nemorosone on pancreatic cancer xenografts. PLoS One 8(9), e74555 (2013).

EP6 is an inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), which is a crucial enzyme of the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade and catalyzes the formation of bioactive leukotrienes (LTs) which are involved in inflammatory diseases and allergic reactions.

cGAMP (Cyclic GMP-AMPP) diammonium 是一种内源性第二信使，通过触发干扰素的产生来响应胞浆 DNA。它通过激活干扰素基因刺激因子（STING），启动信号级联，进而导致I型干扰素及其他免疫介质的生成。

Coronatine 是丁香假单胞菌产生的一种植物生长调节剂。Coronatine 模拟生物活性茉莉酸 (jasmonic acid) 缀合物或高等植物的 octadecanoid 信号分子使植物出现致病症状。Coronatine 通过激活抑制水杨酸 (Salicylic acid) 积累的信号级联，促进植物中丁香假单胞菌的毒力。

WH-15 是一种荧光 PLC 报告基因，对 PLC-γ1、PLC-δ1、PLC-β2 的 Km 值分别为 49、30、86.1 μM。WH-15 可在级联反应中裂解，生成荧光 6-氨基喹啉。WH-15 可用于响应活细胞中的 PLC 成像。

Z-AEVD-FMK is an irreversible inhibitor of caspase-10 and related caspases.[1] At 10 µM, it can prevent the initiation of Fas signaling by caspase-10 in Jurkat T lymphoma cells, preventing Bid cleavage into its active form, caspase cascade activation, and apoptosis.[2]

Endogenous peptide GPR83 agonist. ProSAAS-derived neuropeptide. Activates phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated signaling cascade in mouse hypothalamus.

Cerevisterol 是一种细胞毒性类固醇，提取于Agaricus blazei 子实体，对 DNA 聚合酶 α 的活性具有抑制作用。

Complement component C3 plays a particularly versatile role in this process by keeping the cascade alert, acting as a point of convergence of activation pathways, fueling the amplification of the complement response, exerting direct effector functions, and helping to coordinate downstream immune responses[3]. In C3-/- mice alcohol-induced liver steatosis is absent or strongly reduced after chronic or acute alcohol exposure. This suggests that the complement system and its component C3 contribute to the development of alcohol-induced fatty liver and its consequences[4].AMY-101 TFA (Cp40 TFA) is a peptidic inhibitor of the central complement component C3 (KD: 0.5 nM). It shows a favorable anti-inflammatory activity in models with COVID-19 severe pneumonia with systemic hyper inflammation[5].a daily subcutaneous dose of AMY-101 (4 mg/kg bodyweight) was protective against NHP periodontitis, suggesting that patients treated for systemic disorders (e.g., paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria) can additionally benefit in terms of improved periodontal condition[6].Plasma concentrations of both C3 and Cp40 were measured periodically and complete saturation of plasma C3 was confirmed. No differences in hematological, biochemical, or immunological parameters were identified in the blood or tissues of animals treated with Cp40 when compared to those injected with vehicle alone. Further, skin wounds showed no signs of infection in those treated with Cp40.Cp40 treatment was associated with a trend toward accelerated wound healing when compared with the control group. In addition, a biodistribution study in a rhesus monkey indicated that the distribution of Cp40 in the body is associated with the presence of C3, concentrating in organs that accumulate blood and produce C3[7].

RO5068760 , a substituted hydantoin, is a potent, highly selective, non-adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-competitive MEK1/2 inhibitors. RO5068760 shows significant efficacy in a broad spectrum of tumors with aberrant mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation. In vitro, RO5068760 demonstrates MEK1 kinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 0.025 μM in a cRaf/MEK/ERK cascade assay RO5068760 showed superior efficacy in tumors harboring B-RafV600E mutation.

MAP855 是一种高效的、选择性的、口服具有活力的具、 ATP 竞争性的 MEK1/2 激酶抑制剂，对 MEK1 ERK2 cascade 的 IC50 值为 3 nM，pERKEC50 值为 5 nM。MAP855 对野生型和突变型 MEK1/2 表现出同等的抑制效果。

The phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) phosphates represent a small percentage of total membrane phospholipids. However, they play a critical role in the generation and transmission of cellular signals. PtdIns-(1,2-dioctanoyl) is a synthetic analog of natural phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) containing C8:0 fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The compound features the same inositol and diacyl glycerol (DAG) stereochemistry as that of the natural compound. The short fatty acid chains of this analog, compared to naturally-occurring PtdIns, gives it different physical properties including high solubility in aqueous media. PtdIns are phosphorylated to mono- (PtdIns-P; PIP), di- (PtdIns-P2; PIP2), and triphosphates (PtdIns-P3; PIP3). Hydrolysis of PtdIns-(4,5)-P2 by phosphoinositide (PI)-specific phospholipase C generates inositol triphosphate (IP3) and DAG which are key second messengers in an intricate biochemical signal transduction cascade.

SAH-SOS1A TFA 是一种基于肽的SOS1/KRAS 蛋白相互作用抑制剂。SAH-SOS1A TFA 以纳摩尔亲和力 (EC50=106-175 nM) 与野生型和突变型 KRAS (G12D, G12V, G12C, G12S, Q61H) 结合，直接和独立地阻断核苷酸结合。SAH-SOS1A TFA 损害 KRAS 驱动的癌细胞活力，并通过阻断 KRAS 下游 ERK-MAPK 磷酸化信号级联的机制发挥作用。

Alloferon 3 is a natural peptide that mediates signaling by the NF-kappa B pathway to enhance the recognition of viral and tumor antigens. It is known to induce the production of endogenic interferons that promote a cascade of defense responses and also e

Lappaol C has antioxidant and antiaging properties, it may promote the C. elegans longevity and stress resistance through a JNK-1-DAF-16 cascade. Lappaol C also has potential chemosensitizing activity, it may be candidates for developing novel adjuvant an

Cacospongionolide B is isolated from the sponge Fasciospongia cavernosa. The marine sponge natural product cacospongionolide B (1) is one of a class of compounds bearing a g-hydroxybutenolide which are known to inhibit multiple forms of secratory phospholipase A2,1 enzymes believed to initiate a cascade of biological events leading to inflammation.

The phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) phosphates represent a small percentage of total membrane phospholipids. However, they play a critical role in the generation and transmission of cellular signals. PtdIns-(4)-P1 (1,2-dioctanoyl) is a synthetic analog of natural phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) featuring C8:0 fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The compound contains the same inositol and diacylglycerol (DAG) stereochemistry as the natural compound. PtdIns-(4)-P1 can be phosphorylated to di- (PtdIns-P2; PIP2) and triphosphates (PtdIns-P3; PIP3). Hydrolysis of PtdIns-(4,5)-P2 by phosphoinositide (PI)-specific phospholipase C generates inositol triphosphate (IP3) and DAG which are key second messengers in an intricate biochemical signal transduction cascade.

YO-2 is a selective plasmin inhibitor. YO-2 induces thymocyte apoptosis via activation of caspase cascade.

Lappaol A has antioxidant and antiaging properties, it may promote the C. elegans longevity and stress resistance through a JNK-1-DAF-16 cascade. Lappaol A also has potential chemosensitizing activity, it may be candidates for developing novel adjuvant an

Vasonatrin Peptide (VNP) TFA 是一种由心钠素 (ANP) 和C型利钠肽 (CNP) 嵌合而成的肽类化合物。它整合了CNP的静脉扩张功能、ANP的利尿效果，并展现出与ANP或CNP无关的特有动脉扩张特性。Vasonatrin Peptide TFA 透过cGMP-PKG信号途径发挥其对内质网应激介导的糖尿病心脏缺血再灌注损害的保护作用。

Pep19-2.5为合成抗毒素肽，能阻断内毒素信号级联。通过抑制跨膜及胞质模式识别受体（PRRs）介导的脂肽（LP）与脂多糖（LPS）的信号通路，Pep19-2.5关键调控与炎症及细胞焦亡（pyroptosis）相关的信号级联。

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids at the sn-2 position leading to the production of lysophospholipids and free fatty acids. Calcium-dependent cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2α) is a 85 kDa enzyme that plays a key role in the arachidonic cascade and the inflammatory response associated with this metabolic pathway. CAY10502 is a potent inhibitor of calcium-dependent cytosolic PLA2α (cPLA2α) with an IC50 value of 4.3 nM for the purified enzyme from human platelets. It inhibits arachidonic acid mobilization from A23187-stimulated or TPA-stimulated human platelets with IC50 values of 570 and 0.9 nM, respectively.

Urokinase peptidolytic (Urokinase-type plasminogen activator) 是一种丝氨酸蛋白酶，是丝氨酸蛋白酶纤溶酶的一种非活性形式(酶原)。纤溶酶的激活可触发蛋白水解级联反应，进而参与血栓溶解或细胞外基质降解，涉及血管疾病和癌症相关研究。

Amyloid-β (1-42) (Aβ42) is a neurotoxic 42-amino acid protein fragment found in amyloid plaques in postmortem cerebral cortex from patients with Alzheimer's disease.1,2,3Aggregation of Aβ42 results in the formation of neurotoxic fibrils or globular oligomers.1Aβ42 accumulates in the brain of many transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and, in many models, the onset of amyloid deposition positively correlates with deficits in spatial learning and memory.4 1.Wolfe, M.S.Therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's diseaseNat. Rev. Drug Discov.1(11)859-866(2002) 2.Iwatsubo, T., Odaka, A., Suzuki, N., et al.Visualization of Aβ42(43) and Aβ40 in senile plaques with end-specific Aβ monoclonals: Evidence that an initially deposited species is Aβ42(43)Neuron13(1)45-53(1994) 3.Hardy, J.A., and Higgins, G.A.Alzheimer's disease: The amyloid cascade hypothesisScience256(5054)184-185(1992) 4.Jankowsky, J.L., and Zheng, H.Practical considerations for choosing a mouse model of Alzheimer's diseaseMol. Neurodegener.12(1)89(2017)

Mesalamine impurity P is an impurity of Mesalamine . 5-Aminosalicylic acid (Mesalamine) acts as a specific PPARγ agonist and also inhibits p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) and NF-κB[1]. [1]. Kyle Dammann, et al.PAK1 modulates a PPARγ NF-κB cascade in intestinal inflammation.Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015 Oct;1853(10 Pt A):2349-60.