kg-5

KG5 是 PDGFRβ 和 B-Raf 的双重变构抑制剂，对 PDGFRβ 和 PDGFRα 的 Kd 分别为 520 nM 和 300 nM。 KG5 抑制 FLT3、KIT 和 c-Raf，具有抗癌和抗血管生成活性。

L-Allylglycine 是 GABA 合成酶（谷氨酸脱羧酶）的有效抑制剂。

Litoxetine 是一种选择性的5-HT 摄取抑制剂，是具有5-HT3受体拮抗剂。Litoxetine 可作为一种抗抑郁剂，在雪貂身上显示出止吐特性。Litoxetine （1和10毫克 公斤静脉注射）剂量依赖性地减少了反胃和呕吐的次数，延迟了呕吐的发生。Litoxetine 对大脑5HT3受体有亲和力（Ki = 85 nM）。

Unifiram 是一种认知增强剂。 Unifiram 诱导大鼠海马 CA1 区场兴奋性突触后电位 (fEPSP) 幅度的持久增加 (EC50= 27 nM) 并增加大鼠大脑皮层中乙酰胆碱 (ACh) 的释放。

PRGL493为高效、选择性的长链酰基辅酶a合成酶4 (ACSL4) 抑制剂，能在乳腺和前列腺细胞以及动物模型中抑制细胞增殖和肿瘤生长，主要应用于癌症研究。

DL-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium salt 是一种 α-羟基酸，由 (R) -5-oxy-2-tetrahydrofuran 羧酸水解形成，在人类神经代谢疾病 D-α-羟基戊二酸尿症中过量产生。DL-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium salt 是α-酮戊二酸 (α-KG)的拮抗剂，可抑制多种α-KG 依赖性双加氧酶。

CS 2100 (1-[[4-Ethyl-5-[5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-2-thienyl]methyl]-3-azetidinecarboxylic acid) 是口服有活性 S1P3-sparingS1P1选择性激动剂，对人 S1P1的EC50值为 4.0 nM，对 HvGR 的ID50值为 0.407 mg/kg。它在大鼠体内具有免疫抑制作用。

COR659 是一种有效的 GABAB 的阳性变构调节剂。COR659具有缓解大鼠对酒精和巧克力成瘾的作用。

Yunaconitine (Guayewuanine B) 是一种乌头类生物碱，具有剧毒。

BIBB 515 是口服具有活力的 2,3-氧化角鲨烯环化酶选择性抑制剂，在大鼠和小鼠中的 ED50值分别为 0.2-0.5 mg/kg 和 0.36-33.3 mg/kg (1-5 小时)。它主要利用抑制低密度脂蛋白的产生，从而发挥降脂作用。

4-Deoxypyridoxine hydrochloride 通过抑制 S1P 裂解酶 (SPL) 活性来抑制细胞内 S1P 的降解，与 S1P 一样，减少化学诱导的胰岛素瘤细胞系的细胞凋亡。

SB 242084 hydrochloride is a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist(pKi=9.0) that displays 158- and 100-fold selectivity over 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors respectively.IC50 value: 9.0(pKi) [1]Target: 5-HT2C antagonistin vitro: SB 242084 had over 100-fold selectivity over a range of other 5-HT, dopamine and adrenergic receptors. In studies of 5-HT-stimulated phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis using SH-SY5Y cells stably expressing the cloned human 5-HT2C receptor, SB 242084 acted as an antagonist with a pKb of 9.3, which closely resembled its corresponding receptor binding affinity [1].in vivo: SB 242084 potently inhibited m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP, 7 mgkg i.p. 20 min pre-test)-induced hypolocomotion in rats, a model of in vivo central 5-HT2C receptor function, with an ID50 of 0.11 mg kg i.p., and 2.0 mg kg p.o. SB 242084 (0.1-1 mg kg i.p.) exhibited an anxiolytic-like profile in the rat social interaction test, increasing time spent in social interaction, but having no effect on locomotion. SB 242084 (0.1-1 mg kg i.p.) also markedly increased punished responding in a rat Geller-Seifter conflict test of anxiety, but had no consistent effect on unpunished responding [1].

MTP 131 acetate 是一种小的线粒体靶向四肽。

BMAP 28是一种合成抗菌肽，对应牛防御素-5的132-158氨基酸。对大肠杆菌(E. coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(S. aureus)、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、表皮葡萄球菌(S. epidermidis)及白色念珠菌(C. albicans)具有活性(MICs分别为2、2、4、1和8 µM)。在200 nM浓度下，BMAP 28能够使大肠杆菌的内膜渗透。在5 µM浓度下，减少Vero 76细胞中单纯疱疹病毒1型(HSV-1)的复制。在30 µM浓度下，对分离的人类红细胞引起溶血，并对分离的人类嗜中性粒细胞具有细胞毒性。BMAP 28 (0.8 mg/kg)可提高大肠杆菌或MRSA感染的小鼠的生存率，但对铜绿假单胞菌(P. aeruginosa)感染的小鼠无效。

Tat-CBD3是一种抑制N型电压门控钙通道Cav2.2与collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2)之间的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用的抑制剂。它还能抑制CRMP2与NMDA受体NR2B亚单位之间的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用。在无细胞实验中，Tat-CBD3 (10 µM)能将Cav2.2-CRMP2相互作用抑制43%，并在免疫共沉淀实验中抑制NMDA受体NR2B亚单位-CRMP2相互作用。它能在初级大鼠背根神经节 (DRG) 神经元中减少约60%的电压诱导钙电流，并在初级大鼠海马神经元中减少谷氨酸诱导的胞内钙水平增加。Tat-CBD3 (20 mg/kg)在大鼠中脑动脉闭塞 (MCAO) 引发的脑缺血模型中减少梗死体积。鞘内给药Tat-CBD3 (20 µg/5 µl)可防止大鼠卡拉胶诱导的热敏感性。

PAR2 (1-6) amide is a synthetic peptide agonist of proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) that corresponds to residues 1-6 of the amino terminal tethered ligand sequence of human PAR2 and residues 37-42 of the full-length sequence.1It binds to NCTC 2544 cells expressing human PAR2 (Ki= 9.64 μM in a radioligand binding assay) and induces calcium mobilization in the same cells (EC50= 0.075 μM).2PAR2 (1-6) amide (100 μM) reduces colony formation of A549 lung cancer cells.1It induces superoxide production and degranulation in isolated human eosinophils when used at a concentration of 500 μM.3PAR2 (1-6) amide (5 μmol/kg) induces tear secretion in rats when used in combination with amastatin .4 1.Bohm, S.K., Kong, W., Bromme, D., et al.Molecular cloning, expression and potential functions of the human proteinase-activated receptor-2Biochem. J.314(Pt 3)1009-1016(1996) 2.Kanke, T., Ishiwata, H., Kabeya, M., et al.Binding of a highly potent protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) activating peptide, [3H]2-furoyl-LIGRL-NH2, to human PAR2Br. J. Pharmacol.145(2)255-263(2005) 3.Miike, S., McWilliam, A.S., and Kita, H.Trypsin induces activation and inflammatory mediator release from human eosinophils through protease-activated receptor-2J. Immunol.167(11)6615-6622(2001) 4.Nishikawa, H., Kawai, K., Tanaka, M., et al.Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2)-related peptides induce tear secretion in rats: Involvement of PAR-2 and non-PAR-2 mechanismsJ. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.312(2)324-331(2005)

Roxadustat-d5 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of roxadustat by GC- or LC-MS. Roxadustat is an inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH; IC50s = 1.4, 1.26, and 1.32 µM for HIF-PH1, HIF-PH2, and HIF-PH3, respectively). It is selective for HIF-PH over other 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, including lysine-specific demethylase 5A (KDM5A), KDM5B, -5C, -5D, and -6B (IC50s = >100 µM for all). Roxadustat (10-200 µM) stabilizes HIF-1α and HIF-2α in Hep3B hepatocellular carcinoma cells. It increases levels of secreted erythropoietin in Hep3B cells in a concentration-dependent manner and increases erythropoiesis in rats when administered at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg. Roxadustat reverses anemia in a rat model of chronic inflammation induced by peptidoglycan-polysaccharide, as well as a rat model of chronic kidney disease induced by 5/6 nephrectomy. It reduces tumor growth and increases survival in a murine Lewis lung carcin......

SLU-10482是一种抗寄生虫化合物，能减少HCT-8细胞中C. parvum寄生虫的数量（EC50 = 0.07 µM）。相较于另一种抗寄生虫化合物SLU-2633，SLU-10482与人类ether-a-go-go (hERG; Kd = 43 µM)的结合能力较弱。在体内，SLU-10482以5和15 mg/kg的剂量，每天两次给药，能减少C. parvum感染小鼠模型中粪便中卵囊的数量。

Nemorosone is a polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol (PPAP) originally isolated from C. rosea that has antiproliferative properties.1 Nemorosone inhibits growth of NB69, Kelly, SK-N-AS, and LAN-1 neuroblastoma cells (IC50s = 3.1-6.3 μM), including several drug-resistant clones, but not MRC-5 human embryonic fibroblasts (IC50 = >40 μM).2 It increases DNA fragmentation in LAN-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and decreases N-Myc protein levels and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 by MEK1/2. Nemorosone also inhibits growth of Capan-1, AsPC-1, and MIA-PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells (IC50s = 4.5-5.0 μM following a 72-hour treatment) but not human dermal and foreskin fibroblasts (IC50s = >35 μM).1 It induces apoptosis, abolishes the mitochondrial membrane potential, and increases cytosolic calcium concentration in pancreatic cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Nemorosone activates the caspase cascade in a dose-dependent manner and inhibits cell cycle progression, increasing the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase, in both neuroblastoma and pancreatic cancer cells.1,2 Nemorosone (50 mg/kg, i.p., per day) also reduces tumor growth in an MIA-PaCa-2 mouse xenograft model.3References1. Holtrup, F., Bauer, A., Fellenberg, K., et al. Microarray analysis of nemorosone-induced cytotoxic effects on pancreatic cancer cells reveals activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Br. J. Pharmacol. 162(5), 1045-1059 (2011).2. Díaz-Carballo, D., Malak, S., Bardenheuer, W., et al. Cytotoxic activity of nemorosone in neuroblastoma cells. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 12(6B), 2598-2608 (2008).3. Wold, R.J., Hilger, R.A., Hoheisel, J.D., et al. In vivo activity and pharmacokinetics of nemorosone on pancreatic cancer xenografts. PLoS One 8(9), e74555 (2013). Nemorosone is a polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol (PPAP) originally isolated from C. rosea that has antiproliferative properties.1 Nemorosone inhibits growth of NB69, Kelly, SK-N-AS, and LAN-1 neuroblastoma cells (IC50s = 3.1-6.3 μM), including several drug-resistant clones, but not MRC-5 human embryonic fibroblasts (IC50 = >40 μM).2 It increases DNA fragmentation in LAN-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and decreases N-Myc protein levels and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 by MEK1/2. Nemorosone also inhibits growth of Capan-1, AsPC-1, and MIA-PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells (IC50s = 4.5-5.0 μM following a 72-hour treatment) but not human dermal and foreskin fibroblasts (IC50s = >35 μM).1 It induces apoptosis, abolishes the mitochondrial membrane potential, and increases cytosolic calcium concentration in pancreatic cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Nemorosone activates the caspase cascade in a dose-dependent manner and inhibits cell cycle progression, increasing the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase, in both neuroblastoma and pancreatic cancer cells.1,2 Nemorosone (50 mg/kg, i.p., per day) also reduces tumor growth in an MIA-PaCa-2 mouse xenograft model.3 References1. Holtrup, F., Bauer, A., Fellenberg, K., et al. Microarray analysis of nemorosone-induced cytotoxic effects on pancreatic cancer cells reveals activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Br. J. Pharmacol. 162(5), 1045-1059 (2011).2. Díaz-Carballo, D., Malak, S., Bardenheuer, W., et al. Cytotoxic activity of nemorosone in neuroblastoma cells. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 12(6B), 2598-2608 (2008).3. Wold, R.J., Hilger, R.A., Hoheisel, J.D., et al. In vivo activity and pharmacokinetics of nemorosone on pancreatic cancer xenografts. PLoS One 8(9), e74555 (2013).

Hodgkinsine is a pyrrolidinoindoline alkaloid that has been found inP. colorataand has analgesic activity.1It increases latency to paw licking in the hot plate test and latency to tail withdrawal in the tail-flick test in mice when administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg. 1.Amador, T.A., Verotta, L., Nunes, D.S., et al.Antinociceptive profile of hodgkinsinePlanta Med.66(8)770-772(2000)

BIO5192 hydrate is a selective and potent integrin α4β1 (VLA-4) inhibitor (Kd<10 pM). BIO5192 hydrate selectively binds to α4β1 (IC50=1.8 nM) over a range of other integrins. BIO5192 hydrate results in a 30-fold increase in mobilization of murine hematopoietic stem and progenitors (HSPCs) over basal levels[1][2]. The combination of BIO5192 hydrate (1 mg kg; i.v.) and Plerixafor (5 mg kg; s.c.) exert an additive effect on progenitor mobilization[1].BIO5192 hydrate (30 mg kg; s.c; bid; during days 5 through 14) delays paralysis associated with EAE (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis)[2].BIO5192 hydrate (1 mg kg, i.v.) shows the terminal half-life is 1.1 hours. BIO5192 hydrate (3, 10, and 30 mg kg; s.c.) shows half-lives of 1.7, 2.7, and 4.7 hours, respectively. The blood plasma curves show that the AUC for the s.c. route of administration increased about 2.5-fold from 5,460 h*ng ml for the 3 mg kg dose to 14,175 h*ng ml for the 30 mg kg[1]. Animal Model: C57BL 6J x 129Sv J F1 mice[1] [1]. Ramirez P, et al. BIO5192, a small molecule inhibitor of VLA-4, mobilizes hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Blood. 2009;114(7):1340‐1343. [2]. Leone DR, et al. An assessment of the mechanistic differences between two integrin alpha 4 beta 1 inhibitors, the monoclonal antibody TA-2 and the small molecule BIO5192, in rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003;305(3):1150-1162.

2-deoxy-D-Glucose-13C6is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of 2-deoxy-D-glucose by GC- or LC-MS. 2-deoxy-D-Glucose is a glucose antimetabolite and an inhibitor of glycolysis.1,2It inhibits hexokinase, the enzyme that converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, as well as phosphoglucose isomerase, the enzyme that converts glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate.32-deoxy-D-Glucose (16 mM) induces apoptosis in SK-BR-3 cells, as well as inhibits the growth of 143B osteosarcoma cells cultured under hypoxic conditions when used at a concentration of 2 mg ml.4,5In vivo, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (500 mg kg) reduces tumor growth in 143B osteosarcoma and MV522 non-small cell lung cancer mouse xenograft models when used alone or in combination with doxorubicin or paclitaxel .6 1.Kang, H.T., and Hwang, E.S.2-Deoxyglucose: An anticancer and antiviral therapeutic, but not any more a low glucose mimeticLife Sci.78(12)1392-1399(2006) 2.Aft, R.L., Zhang, F.W., and Gius, D.Evaluation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose as a chemotherapeutic agent: Mechanism of cell deathBr. J. Cancer87(7)805-812(2002) 3.Ralser, M., Wamelink, M.M., Struys, E.A., et al.A catabolic block does not sufficiently explain how 2-deoxy-D-glucose inhibits cell growthProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA105(46)17807-17811(2008) 4.Liu, H., Savaraj, N., Priebe, W., et al.Hypoxia increases tumor cell sensitivity to glycolytic inhibitors: A strategy for solid tumor therapy (Model C)Biochem. Pharmacol.64(12)1745-1751(2002) 5.Zhang, X.D., Deslandes, E., Villedieu, M., et al.Effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on various malignant cell lines in vitroAnticancer Res.26(5A)3561-3566(2006) 6.Maschek, G., Savaraj, N., Priebe, W., et al.2-deoxy-D-glucose increases the efficacy of adriamycin and paclitaxel in human osteosarcoma and non-small cell lung cancers in vivoCancer Res.64(1)31-34(2004)

AMK is an active metabolite of the neurohormone melatonin .1,2,3,4It is formed from melatoninviathe metabolic intermediate AFMK that is then deformylated by catalase or formamidase.5,6AMK scavenges singlet oxygenin vitrowhen used at a concentration of 200 μM.1It inhibits the epinephrine- and arachidonic acid-induced production of prostaglandin E2and PGD2in ovine seminal vesicle microsomes in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, as well as LPS-induced increases in COX-2 levels in RAW 264.7 macrophages when used at a concentration of 500 μM.2,3AMK (20 mg/kg) decreases MPTP-induced increases in lipid peroxidation in the cytosol and mitochondria from substantia nigra and striatum in a mouse model of MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease.4 1.Schaefer, M., and Hardeland, R.The melatonin metabolite N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine is a potent singlet oxygen scavengerJ. Pineal Res.46(1)49-52(2009) 2.Kelly, R.W., Amato, F., and Seamark, R.F.N-acetyl-5-methoxy kynurenamine, a brain metabolite of melatonin, is a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesisBiochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.121(1)372-379(1984) 3.Mayo, J.C., Sainz, R.M., Tan, D.-X., et al.Anti-inflammatory actions of melatonin and its metabolites, N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK) and N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK), in macrophagesJ. Neuroimmunol.165(1-2)139-149(2005) 4.Tapias, V., Escames, G., López, L.C., et al.Melatonin and its brain metabolite N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine prevent mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase induction in parkinsonian miceJ. Neurosci. Res.87(13)3002-3010(2009) 5.Tan, D.-X., Manchester, L.C., Reiter, R.J., et al.Melatonin directly scavenges hydrogen peroxide: A potentially new metabolic pathway of melatonin biotransformationFree Radic. Biol. Med.29(11)1177-1185(2000) 6.Hirata, F., Hayaishi, O., Tokuyama, T., et al.In vitro and in vivo formation of two new metabolites of melatoninJ. Biol. Chem.249(4)1311-1313(1974)

MK-8245 trifluoroacetate is a liver-targeting inhibitor of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) with IC50 of 1 nM for human SCD1 and 3 nM for both rat SCD1 and mouse SCD1, with anti-diabetic and anti-dyslipidemic efficacy. IC50 value: 1 nM (hSCD1) Target: SCD1 in vitro: MK-8245, a phenoxy piperidine isoxazole derivative, has been identified as a potent and liver-specific SCD inhibitor. It contains a tetrazole acetic acid moiety, which is the key molecule for OATPs recognition and liver-targeting. MK-8245 displays similar potencies against human, rat and mouse SCD1 with IC50 values of 1 nM for human SCD1 and 3 nM for both rat SCD1 and mouse SCD1. MK-8245 exhibits a significant SCD inhibition in the rat hepatocyte assay which contains functional, active OATPs with IC50 of 68 nM, while being only weakly active in the HepG2 cell assay which is devoid of active OATPs with IC50 of ~1 μM. MK-8245 displays highly selective activity for the Δ-5 and Δ-6 desaturases (i.e., >100000 μM vs rat and human Δ5D and Δ6D as assessed in the HepG assay. in vivo: Administration of MK-8245 at 10 mg/kg in mice exhibits a tissue distribution profile concentrated in the liver. It shows a liver-to-Harderian gland ratio of 21, suggesting a high degree of liver-targeting compared to a systemically distributed compound with liver-to-Harderian gland ratio of 1.5. Oral dosing of MK-8245 in mice, rats, dogs, and rhesus monkeys demonstrates that MK-8245 is distributed mainly to the liver, with low exposure in tissues associated with potential adverse events. The liver-to-skin ratios are >30:1 in all four species. Administration of MK-8245 to eDIO mice before the glucose challenge improves glucose clearance in a dose-dependent manner with ED50 of 7 mg/kg.

Deltorphin II is a peptide agonist of δ2-opioid receptors.1,2It is selective for δ-opioid receptors over μ- and κ-opioid receptors in radioligand bindings assays (Kis = 0.0033, >1, and >1 μM, respectively) and induces [35S]GTPγS binding in mouse brain membrane preparations (EC50= 0.034 μM). Deltorphin II (0.12 mg/kg) decreases the infarction zone:risk zone ratio in a rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by coronary occlusion, an effect that can be reversed by the δ2-opioid receptor antagonist naltriben but not the δ1-opioid receptor antagonist BNTX.3Intrathecal administration of deltorphin II (15 μg/animal) increases latency to withdraw in the paw pressure and tail-flick tests in rats.4 1.Raynor, K., Kong, H., Chen, Y., et al.Pharmacological characterization of the cloned κ-, δ-, and μ-opioid receptorsMol. Pharm.45(2)330-334(1994) 2.Scherrer, G., Befort, K., Contet, C., et al.The delta agonists DPDPE and deltorphin II recruit predominantly mu receptors to produce thermal analgesia: A parallel study of mu, delta and combinatorial opioid receptor knockout miceEur. J. Neurosci.19(8)2239-2248(2004) 3.Maslov, L.N., Barzakh, E.I., Krylatov, A.V., et al.Opioid peptide deltorphin II simulates the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning: role of δ2-opioid receptors, protein kinase C, and KATP channelsBull. Exp. Biol. Med.149(5)591-593(2010) 4.Labuz, D., Toth, G., Machelska, H., et al.Antinociceptive effects of isoleucine derivatives of deltorphin I and deltorphin II in rat spinal cord: A search for selectivity of delta receptor subtypesNeuropeptides32(6)511-517(1998)

Selective ultrapotent PSEM (uPSEM) agonist for α7L131G,Q139L,Y217F-GlyR (PSAM4-GlyR) and PSAM4-5-HT3 chimeric ion channel agonist (EC50 values are 0.3 and 0.5 nM, respectively). Suppresses firing of layer 2 3 cortical neurons expressing PSAM4-GlyR in brain slices. Increases contralateral rotation in mice expressing PSAM4-GlyR unilaterally in the substantia nigra reticulata (LED 0.1 mg kg). Magnus et al (2019) Ultrapotent chemogenetics for research and potential clinical applications. Science 364 PMID:30872534

Ajoene is a disulfide that has been found inA. sativumand has diverse biological activities, including antibacterial, anticancer, antiplatelet, and antioxidant properties.1,2,3,4It is active against Gram-positive (MICs = 5-160 µg ml) and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs = 136-200 µg ml), as well as yeasts (MICs = 10-20 µg ml).1Ajoene is cytotoxic to mouse melanoma cells (IC50= 18 µM), as well as human colon, lung, mammary, and pancreatic cancer cells (IC50s = 7-41 µM).2It reduces tumor growth in a B16 BL6 mouse model of melanoma when administered at a dose of 25 mg kg every other day and decreases the number of lung metastases when administered prior to tumor cell inoculation at doses ranging from 1-25 mg kg. It inhibits ADP- or collagen-induced platelet aggregation in isolated baboon platelets when used at concentrations ranging from 75 to 150 µg ml and in platelet-rich plasma isolated from baboons when administered at a dose of 25 mg kg.3Ajoene (25 mg kg) prevents thrombus formation on damaged arterial walls in heparinized pigs in anin situmodel of thrombogenesis.5It also reduces high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis, histopathological markers of liver damage, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation, and protein oxidation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).4 1.Naganawa, R., Iwata, N., Ishikawa, K., et al.Inhibition of microbial growth by ajoene, a sulfur-containing compound derived from garlicAppl. Environ. Microbiol.62(11)4238-4242(1996) 2.Taylor, P., Noriega, R., Farah, C., et al.Ajoene inhibits both primary tumor growth and metastasis of B16 BL6 melanoma cells in C57BL 6 miceCancer Lett.239(2)298-304(2006) 3.Teranishi, K., Apitz-Castro, R., Robson, S.C., et al.Inhibition of baboon platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo by the garlic derivative, ajoeneXenotransplantation10(4)374-379(2003) 4.Han, C.Y., Ki, S.H., Kim, Y.W., et al.Ajoene, a stable garlic by-product, inhibits high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and oxidative injury through LKB1-dependent AMPK activationAntioxid. Redox Signal.14(2)187-202(2011) 5.Apitz-Castro, R., Badimon, J.J., and Badimon, L.A garlic derivative, ajoene, inhibits platelet deposition on severely damaged vessel wall in an in vivo porcine experimental modelThromb. Res.75(3)243-249(1994)

S1P1 agonist 4 在效价（EC50< 0.05 mg kg）和预测人类半衰期方面都有更好的表现 （t1 2 ～ 5 天）。

Cytarabine 5′-monophosphate (ara-CMP), an active metabolite of the nucleoside analog cytarabine formed by deoxycytidine kinase, is incorporated into DNA by DNA polymerase α, significantly slowing DNA synthesis. It inhibits nuclear and mitochondrial DNA replication in S. cerevisiae at 15 mM and improves survival in an L1210 murine leukemia model at 3.5-75.1 mg kg.

3-Aminoisobutyric acid, a non-protein amino acid resultant from thymine catabolism, plays a significant role in metabolic activities. At a 5 µM concentration, it triggers browning in primary adipocytes, notably elevating uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) and CIDEA expression. Additionally, it boosts PPARα expression in both primary adipocytes and mouse inguinal white adipose tissue (WAT) in vivo, alongside enhancing β-oxidation in hepatocytes. Its plasma levels surge post-exercise in mice, and its administration at 100 mg kg daily curtails weight gain and body fat without diminishing food consumption or hiking energy output, whilst ameliorating glucose tolerance. Notably, 3-aminoisobutyric acid concentrations are heightened in individuals with β-ureidopropionase deficiency, a genetic flaw impairing pyrimidine degradation, affecting plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid.

GGTI 2133, a peptidomimetic inhibitor of geranylgeranyl transferase type I (GGTase I; IC50= 38 nM), exhibits 140-fold selectivity towards GGTase I compared to farnesyltransferase (IC50= 5,400 nM). The compound effectively inhibits the geranylgeranylation of RAP1A (IC50= 10 µM) without affecting the farnesylation of H-Ras (IC50= >30 µM). Moreover, GGTI 2133 reduces the growth, migration, and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSSC) cells to 75, 45, and 27% of control levels, respectively. When administered intraperitoneally at 5 mg/kg per day, it prevents eosinophil infiltration into the airways in a mouse model of allergic bronchial asthma, although it does not reduce chemokine levels. Additionally, GGTI 2133 thwarts naloxone-induced contraction of ileum in rats experiencing morphine withdrawal syndrome and mitigates the severity of withdrawal symptoms in vivo (ED50= 0.076 mg/kg).

4A7C-301-Nurr1激动剂是一种核受体相关1（Nurr1）的激动剂。它通过与Nurr1配体结合域（LBD；IC50 = 48.22 nM）结合，增加了在使用SK-N-BE(2)C人神经母细胞瘤细胞进行的报告基因测定中Nurr1-LBD和全长Nurr1的转录活性（EC50s = 6.53 和 50-70 µM，分别）。每天5 mg/kg的4A7C-301-Nurr1激动剂能减少在经MPTP神经毒素或α-突触核蛋白过表达诱导的帕金森病鼠模型中纹状体和黑质compacta部分多巴胺能细胞的死亡，并减少运动和嗅觉缺陷，而不诱发类似运动障碍的行为。

Dopamine D3 受体激动剂13a是一种Dopamine D3 受体激动剂。该化合物选择性地与Dopamine D3 受体结合，相较于Dopamine D1、D2和D4受体(Kis = 0.14、4,600、2.85和756 nM，分别)具有更高的亲和力，并且还能与血清素(5-HT)受体亚型5-HT1A、5-HT2A、5-HT2B和5-HT2C(Kis = 6、54、1.47和252 nM，分别)结合；然而，它是Dopamine D2受体的部分激动剂(EC50 = 2.26 nM，在G蛋白招募分析中)并且作为Dopamine D3受体的拮抗剂(IC50 = 4.62 nM)。在大鼠身上，当剂量为3 mg/kg时，Dopamine D3 受体激动剂13a能减少可卡因自我给药。

Zonisamide-13C2,15N is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of zonisamide by GC- or LC-MS. Zonisamide is an antiepileptic agent.1 It selectively inhibits the repeated firing of sodium channels (IC50 = 2 μg ml) in mouse embryo spinal cord neurons and inhibits spontaneous channel firing when used at concentrations greater than 10 μg ml.2 In rat cerebral cortex neurons, zonisamide (1-1,000 μM) inhibits T-type calcium channels with a maximum reduction of 60% of the calcium current.3 Zonisamide inhibits H. pylori recombinant carbonic anhydrase (CA) and the human CA isoforms I, II, and V with Ki values of 218, 56, 35, and 21 nM, respectively.4,5 In mice, it has anticonvulsant activity against maximal electroshock seizure (MES) and pentylenetetrazole-induced maximal, but not minimal, seizures (ED50s = 19.6, 9.3, and >500 mg kg, respectively). Zonisamide (40 mg kg, p.o.) prevents MPTP-induced decreases in the levels of dopamine , but not homovanillic acid or dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid , and increases MPTP-induced decreases in the dopamine turnover rate in mouse striatum in a model of Parkinson's disease.6 Formulations containing zonisamide have been used in the treatment of partial seizures in adults with epilepsy. |1. Masuda, Y., Ishizaki, M., and Shimizu, M. Zonisamide: Pharmacology and clinical efficacy in epilepsy. CNS Drug Rev. 4(4), 341-360 (1998).|2. Rock, D.M., Macdonald, R.L., and Taylor, C.P. Blockade of sustained repetitive action potentials in cultured spinal cord neurons by zonisamide (AD 810, CI 912), a novel anticonvulsant. Epilepsy Res. 3(2), 138-143 (1989).|3. Suzuki, S., Kawakami, K., Nishimura, S., et al. Zonisamide blocks T-type calcium channel in cultured neurons of rat cerebral cortex. Epilepsy Res. 12(1), 21-27 (1992).|4. Nishimori, I., Vullo, D., Minakuchi, T., et al. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Cloning and sulfonamide inhibition studies of a carboxyterminal truncated α-carbonic anhydrase from Helicobacter pylori. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 16(8), 2182-2188 (2006).|5. De Simone, G., Di Fiore, A., Menchise, V., et al. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Zonisamide is an effective inhibitor of the cytosolic isozyme II and mitochondrial isozyme V: Solution and X-ray crystallographic studies. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 15(9), 2315-2320 (2005).|6. Yabe, H., Choudhury, M.E., Kubo, M., et al. Zonisamide increases dopamine turnover in the striatum of mice and common marmosets treated with MPTP. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 110(1), 64-68 (2009).

Complement component C3 plays a particularly versatile role in this process by keeping the cascade alert, acting as a point of convergence of activation pathways, fueling the amplification of the complement response, exerting direct effector functions, and helping to coordinate downstream immune responses[3]. In C3-/- mice alcohol-induced liver steatosis is absent or strongly reduced after chronic or acute alcohol exposure. This suggests that the complement system and its component C3 contribute to the development of alcohol-induced fatty liver and its consequences[4].AMY-101 TFA (Cp40 TFA) is a peptidic inhibitor of the central complement component C3 (KD: 0.5 nM). It shows a favorable anti-inflammatory activity in models with COVID-19 severe pneumonia with systemic hyper inflammation[5].a daily subcutaneous dose of AMY-101 (4 mg/kg bodyweight) was protective against NHP periodontitis, suggesting that patients treated for systemic disorders (e.g., paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria) can additionally benefit in terms of improved periodontal condition[6].Plasma concentrations of both C3 and Cp40 were measured periodically and complete saturation of plasma C3 was confirmed. No differences in hematological, biochemical, or immunological parameters were identified in the blood or tissues of animals treated with Cp40 when compared to those injected with vehicle alone. Further, skin wounds showed no signs of infection in those treated with Cp40.Cp40 treatment was associated with a trend toward accelerated wound healing when compared with the control group. In addition, a biodistribution study in a rhesus monkey indicated that the distribution of Cp40 in the body is associated with the presence of C3, concentrating in organs that accumulate blood and produce C3[7].

4-deoxy Nivalenol-13C15is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of 4-deoxy nivalenol by GC- or LC-MS. 4-deoxy Nivalenol is a trichothecene mycotoxin that has been found inFusarium.1It binds to eukaryotic ribosomes and inhibits protein synthesis in mice when administered at doses ranging from 5 to 25 mg kg. 4-deoxy Nivalenol (0.1 and 0.2 mg kg) induces emesis in pigs and decreases feed consumption in pigs when administered at a dose of 40 ppb in the diet.2It induces lethality in mice (LD50= 46-78 mg kg).34-deoxy Nivalenol has been found inF. graminearum-infected cereal grains such as wheat, barley, and corn. 1.Pestka, J.J., and Smolinski, A.T.Deoxynivalenol: Toxicology and potential effects on humansJ.Toxicol.Environ.Health B.Crit.Rev.8(1)39-69(2005) 2.Forsyth, D.M., Yoshizawa, T., Morooka, N., et al.Emetic and refusal activity of deoxynivalenol to swineAppl. Environ. Microbiol.34(5)547-552(1977) 3.Pestka, J.J.Deoxynivalenol: Mechanisms of action, human exposure, and toxicological relevanceArch. Toxicol.84(9)663-679(2010)

DHFR-IN-9（化合物8A）是一种二氢叶酸还原酶（DHFR）抑制剂，通过干扰细胞内嘌呤和胸苷酸的生物合成而影响细胞生长和增殖。该化合物对抗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）ATCC 43300展现出显著的抑制效果（IC50=0.25 μg/mL），并在全身及大腿感染的小鼠模型中显示出抗感染能力（剂量：2.5 mg/kg，5 mg/kg；ip）。此外，DHFR-IN-9在乳腺癌小鼠模型中展示了超过紫杉醇（Y-B0015）的抗癌活性（剂量：2.5 mg/kg；ip；每3天1次）。

Prostaglandin E2抑制剂3是一种microsomal prostaglandin E合酶-1 (mPGES-1; IC50 = 0.2 µM)的抑制剂，相较于COX-1、COX-2、5-lipoxygenase (5-LO)和soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH)，在10 µM的无细胞试验中表现出对mPGES-1的选择性。在10 µM和1 µM的浓度下，该抑制剂能抑制A549细胞中IL-1β诱导的PGE2生成以及在J774A.1巨噬细胞中，LPS诱导的IL-6和PGE2生成。同时，它还能抑制由钙离子载体A23187单独或结合花生四烯酸和A23187诱导的5-LO产物形成，包括白三烯B4 (LTB4) 和5-H(p)ETE（IC50s分别为4.9和5.2 µM）。在体内，10 mg/kg剂量的Prostaglandin E2抑制剂3能防止在zymosan诱导的小鼠腹膜炎模型中白细胞渗入腹腔液中。

SAX-187 hydrochloride is a potent and selective 5-HT6 receptor agonist. SAX-187 hydrochloride possesses high affinity binding (2.2 and 4.8 nM, respectively) at the human 5-HT6 receptor and profile as full receptor agonists (SAX-187 hydrochloride: EC50=6.6 nM, Emax=93%). In the rat frontal cortex, acute administration of SAX-187 hydrochloride (3-30 mg/kg, subcutaneous (s.c.)) significantly increased extracellular GABA concentrations without altering the levels of glutamate or norepinephrine.

IRC-083927 HCl is novel and potent microtubule inhibitor with potential anticancer activity. IRC-083927 inhibits the tubulin polymerization by a binding to the colchicine site. IRC-083927 inhibits in vitro cell growth of human cancer cell lines in the low nanomolar range. More interesting, it remains highly active against cell lines resistant to microtubule-interacting agents (taxanes, Vinca alkaloids, or epothilones). Chronic oral treatment with IRC-083927 (5 mg/kg) inhibits the growth of two human tumor xenografts in nude mice (C33-A, human cervical cancer and MDA-MB-231, human hormone-independent breast cancer). Together, the antitumor effects induced by IRC-083927 on tumor models resistant to tubulin agents support further investigations to fully evaluate its potential for the treatment of advanced cancers, particularly those resistant to current clinically available drugs.

AAA is an antagonist of G protein-coupled receptor 75 (GPR75).1It increases basal GPR75 protein levels and inhibits 20-HETE-induced reductions in GPR75 protein levels in PC3 cells. AAA (5 and 10 μM) also reduces 20-HETE-induced phosphorylation of EGFR, NF-κB, and Akt in, and cell migration of, PC3 cells.In vivo, AAA (10 mg/kg per day) reduces systolic blood pressure, albuminuria, renal angiotensin II levels, and cardiac hypertrophy in a Cyp1a1-Ren-2 transgenic rat model of malignant hypertension when administered prior to induction or after establishment of hypertension.2 1.Cárdenas, S., Colombero, C., Panelo, L., et al.GPR75 receptor mediates 20-HETE-signaling and metastatic features of androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cellsBiochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids1865(2)158573(2020) 2.Sedláková, L., Kikerlová, S., Husková, Z., et al.20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid antagonist attenuates the development of malignant hypertension and reverses it once established: a study in Cyp1a1-Ren-2 transgenic ratsBiosci. Rep.38(5)BSR20171496(2018)

HP661是一种针对线粒体复合物I（也称为NADH脱氢酶）的抑制剂，对复合物I具有选择性，以1 µM的浓度抑制其77.6%，而对复合物III抑制率为28.1%，对复合物II和IV则无抑制作用。HP661特异性降低具有高水平氧化磷酸化作用的人类肺癌细胞H460、NCI H441及对trametinib耐药的A549细胞的生存能力（IC50分别为10.6、29.7和15.1 nM），相较于氧化磷酸化水平低的NCI H358人类肺癌细胞（IC50 >10,000 nM）以及非癌性人类胰腺正常上皮细胞（HPNE）和MRC-5人类胎肺成纤维细胞（两者的IC50均>10,000 nM）。当以每天两次，每次30 mg/kg的剂量给药时，HP661在H460小鼠异种移植模型中减少肿瘤体积，并对trametinib引导的肿瘤生长减少产生加成效应。

Ferroptocide是一种抑制剂，可抑制硫氧还蛋白(Trx)活性，并且是pleuromutilin的衍生物。在20 µM的浓度下，Ferroptocide能够抑制ES-2卵巢癌细胞中的Trx活性，并对ES-2细胞具有细胞毒性(IC50 = 1.6 µM)。5 µM的Ferroptocide能够诱导ES-2细胞发生铁死亡，这一效应可以通过铁螯合剂去铁胺(DFO)、抗氧化剂Trolox或铁死亡抑制剂ferrostatin-1来阻断。在使用免疫完整但非免疫缺陷小鼠的4T1小鼠乳腺癌模型中，每周两次以50 mg/kg剂量给药时，Ferroptocide能够减少肿瘤体积。

HUP-55是一种脯氨酸内肽酶的抑制剂（IC50 = 5 nM）。在10 µM的浓度下，它可减少Neuro2a细胞中α-突触核蛋白二聚体的形成，促使HEK293细胞发生自噬，并降低SH-SY5Y细胞中由过氧化氢诱导的反应性氧种（ROS）产量的增加。此外，HUP-55（10 mg/kg）在通过腺病毒递送α-突触核蛋白编码载体（AAV-αSyn）诱导的帕金森病小鼠模型中，能减少患侧爪的使用和纹状体中寡聚体α-突触核蛋白水平。

SHS4121705 is an orally bioavailable mitochondrial uncoupler.1It increases oxygen consumption rate in L6 rat myoblast cells with an EC50value of 4.3 μM. SHS4121705 (25 mg/kg per day in the diet) reduces hepatic steatosis, liver triglyceride levels, and plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in Stelic animal model (STAM) mice, a model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). 1.Salamoun, J.M., Garcia, C.J., Hargett, S.R., et al.6-Amino[1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-ol derivatives as efficacious mitochondrial uncouplers in STAM mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitisJ. Med. Chem.63(11)6203-6224(2020)

Phosphoramide mustard cyclohexanamine is the major metabolite for Cyclophosphamide , with anticancer activitiy. Phosphoramide mustard cyclohexanamine induces DNA adduct formation in ovarian granulosa cells, induces DNA damage and elicits the ovarian DNA repair response[1][2]. Phosphoramide mustard cyclohexanamine causes cytotoxicity through forming cross-linked DNA adducts which inhibit DNA strand separation during replication[1].Phosphoramide mustard cyclohexanamine destroys rapidly dividing cells by forming NOR-G-OH, NOR-G and G-NOR-G adducts with DNA, potentially leading to DNA damage[1].Phosphoramide mustard cyclohexanamine (3-6 μM; 48 hours) reduces cell viability in rat spontaneously immortalized granulosa cells (SIGCs)[1].Phosphoramide mustard cyclohexanamine (3-6 μM; 24-48 hours) induces DNA adduct formation[1].Phosphoramide mustard cyclohexanamine (3-6 μM; 24-48 hours) induces ovarian DNA damage in rat ovaries[1].Phosphoramide mustard cyclohexanamine increases DNA damage responses (DDR) gene (Atm, Parp1, Prkdc, Xrcc6, Brca1, Rad51) mRNA expression level[1].Phosphoramide mustard cyclohexanamine (3-6 μM; 24-48 hours) increased DDR proteins[1]. Cell Viability Assay[1] Cell Line: SIGCs Phosphoramide mustard cyclohexanamine (2.1-20.7 mg kg; i.p.; daily; for 5 days) inhibits subcutaneous tumor growth in rats[2].Phosphoramide mustard cyclohexanamine (86.0 mg kg; i.v.) has a plasma disappearance half-life of 15.1 minutes[2]. Animal Model: Rat, subcutaneously implanted Walker 256 carcinosarcoma tumor[2] [1]. Shanthi Ganesan, et al. Phosphoramide mustard exposure induces DNA adduct formation and the DNA damage repair response in rat ovarian granulosa cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2015 Feb 1; 282(3): 252-258. [2]. S Genka, et al. Brain and plasma pharmacokinetics and anticancer activities of cyclophosphamide and phosphoramide mustard in the rat. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;27(1):1-7.

CAY10736 is an anticancer compound.1 It inhibits proliferation in a panel of melanoma and breast, pancreatic, and lung cancer cell lines (IC50s = 0.827-9.89 μM). CAY10736 inhibits migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of A375 and B16/F10 melanoma cells in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. It reduces the viability of spheroid A375 and B16/F10 cells (IC50s = 2.4 and 1.59 μM, respectively) and increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these cells in a concentration-dependent manner. CAY10736 (5 mg/kg) reduces tumor growth in B16/F10 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma mouse models and an A375 mouse xenograft model.References1. Liu, X., Li, B., Zhang, Z., et al. Synthesis and discovery novel anti-cancer stem cells compounds derived from the natural triterpenoic acids. J. Med. Chem. 61(23), 10814-10833 (2018). CAY10736 is an anticancer compound.1 It inhibits proliferation in a panel of melanoma and breast, pancreatic, and lung cancer cell lines (IC50s = 0.827-9.89 μM). CAY10736 inhibits migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of A375 and B16/F10 melanoma cells in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. It reduces the viability of spheroid A375 and B16/F10 cells (IC50s = 2.4 and 1.59 μM, respectively) and increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these cells in a concentration-dependent manner. CAY10736 (5 mg/kg) reduces tumor growth in B16/F10 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma mouse models and an A375 mouse xenograft model. References1. Liu, X., Li, B., Zhang, Z., et al. Synthesis and discovery novel anti-cancer stem cells compounds derived from the natural triterpenoic acids. J. Med. Chem. 61(23), 10814-10833 (2018).

PRLX-93936 is an analog of erastin that has antitumor activity. It inhibits the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway under hypoxic conditions (IC50 = 0.09 μM in a cell-based reporter assay). PRLX-93936 (1 μM) also inhibits hypoxia-induced increases in HIF-1α expression in ME-180 cervical cancer cells. It inhibits the growth of HT-1080 fibrosarcoma, OVCAR-5 ovarian cancer, BJELR tumorigenic primary fibroblast, and PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells with IC50 values of less than 100 nM. PRLX-93936 inhibits tumor growth in PANC-1 and HT-1080 xenograft models when administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg and induces tumor regression when administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg.