Theophylline-d6 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of theophylline by GC- or LC-MS. Theophylline is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase. It is also an adenosine A1 and A2 receptor antagonist. Theophylline induces relaxation of isolated cat bronchial smooth muscle segments precontracted with acetylcholine. It inhibits ovalbumin-induced increases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) eosinophil infiltration in an ovalbumin-sensitized mouse model of allergic asthma. Formulations containing theophylline have been used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), such as 11(12)-EET and 14(15)-EET, are cytochrome P450 metabolites of arachidonic acid that have been identified as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors with vasodilator activity. 14,15-EE-5(Z)-E is a structural analog of 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (14,15-EET) that antagonizes EET-induced relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. Relaxation of U46619-constricted bovine arteries by 14,15-EET could be inhibited approximately 80% by 14,15-EE-5(Z)-E at a concentration of 10 μM. 14,15-EE-5(Z)-E does not appear to antagonize nitric oxide- or iloprost-mediated vascular relaxation.
Quazinone is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) with positive inotropic and vasodilating properties.1,2 It induces relaxation of precontracted isolated human cavernous smooth muscle (IC50 = 4.2 μM).1 Quazinone (10-300 μg kg) increases myocardial contractile force in anesthetized open-chest dogs in a dose-dependent manner, as well as decreases systolic and diastolic blood pressure.2 It also inhibits DNA synthesis induced by the PDGF isoform PDGF-BB in bovine coronary artery smooth muscle cells in a concentration-dependent manner.3
Bentazepam is a thienodiazepine, which is a benzodiazepine analogue. It has anti-anxiety, anti-convulsion, sedative and skeletal musclerelaxation properties.
Ethacrynic acid, a diuretic, functions as an inhibitor of L-type voltage-dependent and store-operated calcium channels, facilitating the relaxation of airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. It exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, notably reducing retinoid-induced ear edema in mice, and inhibits glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), making it a potent suppressor of the NF-kB signaling pathway. Additionally, ethacrynic acid modulates leukotriene formation. A variant, Ethacrynic acid D5, is distinguished by its deuterium labeling.
Laudexium is a neuromuscular blocking drug or skeletal muscle relaxant in the category of non-depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking drugs. It is used adjunctively in surgical anesthesia to facilitate endotracheal intubation and to provide skeletal muscle re
Hexafluronium bromide is a neuromuscular blocker and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist used in anesthesiology to prolong and enhance the skeletal musclerelaxation of succinylcholine during surgery.
Laudexium methylsulfate is a neuromuscular blocking drug or skeletal muscle relaxant. It is used adjunctively in surgical anesthesia to facilitate endotracheal intubation and to provide skeletal musclerelaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation.
Isoxsuprine Free Base is a beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.
Prostaglandin D2 is synthesized by hematopoietic-type PGD-synthase (H-PGDS) in mast cells and is released in large quantities during allergic and asthmatic anaphylaxis. PGD2 is also produced in the brain by lipocalin-PGD-synthase also known as β-trace. In the brain, PGD2 produces normal physiological sleep and lowering of body temperature. Further pharmacological actions include inhibition of platelet aggregation and relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. tetranor-PGDM is a major metabolite of PGD2 that is detectable in human and mouse urine. The levels of tetranor-PGDM and 2,3-dinor-11β-PGF2α , a related PGD2 metabolite, in human urine were found to be 1.5 ± 0.3 and 0.6 ± ng mg creatinine, respectively. tetranor-PGDM was detected in murine urine at a level of 8.1 ± 1.3 ng mg creatinine.
10-Nitrolinoleate is the product of nitration of linoleate by NO-derived reactive species. Other nitrolinoleates detected in human plasma and urine include 9-, 12-, and 13-nitrolinoleate. Nitrolinoleates activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ; Ki = 133 nM), inducing CD36 expression in macrophages, adipocyte differentiation, and glucose uptake. Nitrolinoleates can also be metabolized by smooth muscle cells to produce nitrite derivatives which in turn form NO, leading to increased cGMP production and smooth musclerelaxation. Through the same mechanism, nitrolinoleate-derived NO suppresses leukocyte adhesion, in part through nitrosation of CD40. Alteratively, nitrolinoleates can act independently of NO/cGMP and PPARγ signaling to suppress neutrophil and macrophage functions.